_{Bushkanets L.E. Paradoxes of Interpretation. To the History of the Reception of One Story: “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov}

_{Abstract. The article deals with the first stage of interpretation of A. P. Chekhov's short story «Ionych» by contemporary literary criticism. It was the conclusions of the critics that set the direction of understanding the story, relevant to our time and entrenched in school didactics. However, an analysis of the methodology of criticism at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries allows us to see its involuntary limitations. This is a consequence of common ethical, aesthetic concepts that successfully manifest themselves in the analysis of the works of other authors, but are not applicable to Chekhov's texts. The article analyzes the situation that has developed as a result of the discrepancy between the picture of the world of Chekhov and his critics, which led to the fact that the closed interpretations prevent the reader from seeing the complexity of the story later. As a result, the story went unnoticed by critics, but the paradox of the situation is that in the twentieth century the story «Ionich» entered the school canon, although the interpretation of the story has not changed. The history of the interpretation of one work is first attempted in literary studies and Chekhov's studies. The relevance of the research and the developed methodology is that without understanding how the understanding of a literary work was formed from the moment of its appearance in print to the present day, it is impossible to understand how adequate modern interpretations are.}

_{Keywords: «Ionych», Chekhov, literary criticism, reception, interpretation, stereotypes.}

_{For citation: Bushkanets L.E. Paradoxes of Interpretation. To the History of the Reception of One Story: “Ionych” by A.P. Chekhov. Kazan Linguistic Journal. 2021; 1 (4): 8–24. (In Russ.)}

_{Zagidullina D.F. “The Beast's stream of Consciousness” of Chingiz Aitmatov and Akhsan Bayanov: dialogue with the ethnic artistic tradition.}

_{Abstract. The use of «the stream of consciousness» approach to animals in the work of Chingiz Aitmatov and Akhsan Bayanov allows to trace some aspects of the transformation of  social realism in the «thaw period» which in Turkic-speaking literatures was marked by a return to national origins. The first signs of the transformation of socialist realism marked by return to national sources are observed in stories by A. Eniki of military years: the prose writer attentively watches thought process of the certain hero put in conditions of tough examinations, addresses to the approach of «a consciousness stream», on history of the hero as an author's position the philosophical assessment of the world expressed by construction of images to symbol level is imposed. Similar transformations are observed in Chinghiz Aitmatov's creativity of the 1950 1960th. Their works tell about the Person, offering the analysis of his state of mind in exchange to the socialist realism biography; using in creation of images of all main heroes the methods of psychologism, and even psychoanalysis and «a consciousness stream», provides earlier unprecedented emotional impact on the reader in Turkic literatures. Statement of national problems at the level of universal becomes one more general feature of creativity of two prose writers. Both of them connect a problem of saving human in the person, saving by the person of the «I» – with need of saving of communications with traditions, historical roots, ethnos. Further transformations in prose have been connected with their appeal to structure of epic legends of the Turkic people which allowed to put in a uniform picture of the world – life of separately taken person, a picture of «construction of socialism», a condition of human spirit and future mankind.In the work of Ch.Aitmatov and A. Bayanov an artistic picture of the world is formed. It is fundamentally different from that which broadcast literature of socialist realism for decades. The works of these writers that are free from ideologically biased views on the peace and fate of peoples revealed the role of national traditions, presented the richest experience of folk life, peculiarities of life style, norms of behavior, mentality of Turkic peoples, they managed to give the status of universal human to national values. The comparison of their creativity makes it possible to understand the scale of the revival processes that took place in the national literature of the USSR in the second half of the 20th century.}

_{Keywords: Chinghiz Aitmatov, Ahsan Baiyanov, Turkic literatures, return to national sources, «Stream of consciousness», «The Beast's stream of Consciousness».}

_{For citation: Zagidullina D.F. “The Beast's stream of Consciousness” of Chingiz Aitmatov and Akhsan Bayanov: dialogue with the ethnic artistic tradition. Kazan Linguistic Journal. 2021; 1 (4): 25–37. (In Russ.)}

_{Nigmatullina A.M., Khafizova I.I. The concept of knowledge by Umberto Eco in “The Name of the Rose”}

_{Abstract. This article aims to describe the knowledge conception in the novel “The Name of the Rose” by Umberto Eco. The problem of knowledge is one of the oldest in history of philosophy. The branch of philosophy concerned with the issue of knowledge provided methodological base for all other sciences. Nowadays we can describe epistemology as a sum of contradictory currencies that do not have unity even in the most basic issue for knowledge, the issue of possibility of knowledge. Thus, nowadays the topic of knowledge is as relevant as it was before. Overall at the present stage of epistemology’s development it can be divided in classical and neoclassical epistemology. Neoclassical epistemology denies criticism, fundamentalism and normativism, science-centrism, subject-centrism that are basic principles of classical epistemology. Umberto Eco is an outstanding researcher whose works contributed to development of linguistics, culturology, semiotics, aesthetics. His works also concerns the issues of philosophy. Particularly, his novels are important to understand his philosophical ideas and one of his most famous novels is “The Name of the Rose”. In the article Umberto Eco’s ideas on knowledge are considered from the point of neoclassical epistemology on the base of the text of “The Name of the Rose”.}

_{Keywords: Umberto Eco, “The Name of the Rose”, epistemology, criticism, fundamentalism and normativism, science-centrism, subject centrism.}

_{For citation: Nigmatullina A.M., Khafizova I.I. The concept of knowledge by Umberto Eco in “The Name of the Rose”. Kazan linguistic journal. 2021; 1 (4): 38–47. (In Russ.)}

_{Razumovskaya V.A. Translation “Hyper-palimpsest”: multiplicity of a “strong” detective text}

_{Abstract. The article is devoted to the neocategories of literary translation – inexhaustibility of an original text and translation multiplicity. The centers of translation attraction formed by the “strong” original detectives of A. Christie – the famous English-language detective author, served as the material of the analysis. Understanding the translation in a broad sense made it possible to include secondary texts of different semiotic nature in the centers under consideration. The hypothesis is put forward that a “strong” literary original and its secondary versions form a complex syncretic polytext (“hyper-palimpsest”), which has a heterogeneous semiotic nature and represents a unique semiotic object. The coexistence of semiotic versions of a “strong” text in one or more cultural spaces provides the possibility of polytext perception in different modalities implemented through one or more information channels. Some secondary texts have popularity and “strength” equal to or superior to the “strength” of their original text, which is reflected in the problematic issues of primacy and superiority clarification of a culture object. The regular secondary nature of an original text ensures its cultural preservation and prolongs the life of a “strong” text of national literature in the world literary and cultural heritage. Special attention is paid to the artistic image as a unit of translation, with respect to which the decision to translate is made.}

_{Keywords: “strong” text. translation, original inexhaustibility, translatability, translatedness, artistic image, center of translation attraction.}

_{For citation: Razumovskaya V.A. Translation “Hyper-palimpsest”: multiplicity of a “strong” detective text. Kazan Linguistic Journal. 2021; 1 (4): 48–62. (In Russ.)}

_{Alexeeva I.S. Matrix principle in interpreter training: Andrey Falaleyev’s inductive linguistic model}

_{Abstract. In today’s world, as the requirements for interpreter services grow, the interpreter training is in need of modernization. The article looks into one of the innovative authorial teaching methods – the inductive linguistic method developed by Andrey Falaleyev, renown interpreter and trainer. The training materials presented in the series of 10 books are organized according to the so-called “diffused matrix” principle, where similar interpretation patterns come together to form “a solid matrix”, which allows for drawing analytical conclusions to form a strong professional foundation.  The metaphorical meta-code fuses the huge teaching matrix in a mosaic picture, which makes its understanding easier and removes the initial fears of learning interpretation. Most metaphorical terms correlate with the established terms in the translation theory (generalization, antonymous interpretation, descriptive translation) and general linguistics (theme and rheme/focus, stylistic register, evaluative semantics, expressive colouring), while others are new and present strategic and tactic methods in interpreting. The article gives a detailed commentary about the contents of each book and evaluates them from the point of view of their efficiency for the interpreter’s professional growth.}

_{Keywords: interpreter training methods, matrix principle in teaching, theory of translation, inductive linguistic method, English-Russian interpretation. .}

_{For citation: Alexeeva I.S. Matrix principle in interpreter training: Andrey Falaleyev’s inductive linguistic model. Kazan Linguistic Journal. 2021; 1 (4): 63–79. (In Russ.)}

_{Ageeva A.V., Dementyev N.R. Web slang and the main trends of its development}

_{Abstract. The article identifies the main ways of web slang units formation and evolution, basing its conclusions on the material of languages different in their structure (English, French and Russian). The purpose of this study was to describe the structural and functional features of modern web slang. The material for the study was data from online dictionaries of computer slang, computer forums, text and audiovisual documents of the relevant subject matter. The article clarifies the concept of “slang” and provides its main features. The authors of the study define the differential characteristics of web slang: the abundance of Anglicisms, the tendency for word shortening, emotionality. The authors draw conclusions about the relationship between the functional load of this given lexical layer and the ways of its formation on the basis of a detailed comparative analysis of the lexical units belonging to these three language systems. Allo- and isomorphic features of slang formation in three languages are identified in this paper. Thus, all three language systems form the new web sphere vocabulary by means of semantic transformations. Borrowing is a specific feature of French and Russian languages (including calquing (modelling words and constructions after foreign patterns) and hybridization of borrowed vocabulary, i.e. affix derivation of borrowed stems), while English language forms new words to a greater extent by means of clipping (abbreviation or truncation of word stems) or conversion.}

_{Keywords: English language, Russian language, French language, web sphere vocabulary, web slang, lexical borrowing, clipping, semantic development}

_{For citation: Ageeva A.V., Dementyev N.R. Web slang and the main trends of its development. Kazan linguistic journal. 2021; 1 (4): 81–92. (In Russ.)}

_{Sabirova D.R., Tenkorang R. Preservation and development of indigenous languages in the Republic of Ghana}

_{Abstract. The multicultural space of the Republic of Ghana is a reflection of the linguistic situation, which prevails in most African countries, and the question of multilingualism in the African context is of great interest, not only to linguists but to the representatives of other humanitarian and social sciences as well.  Recently, the interest of people from other cultural backgrounds in the African continent has increased, and as a result, a significant number of English-language descriptions of the exotic African linguistic cultures has appeared. Historical narratives have proven the uniqueness of the African continent as the region with the highest number of languages in the world. This study is aimed at describing the current language situation in the Republic of Ghana, by analyzing the state, functioning and language and culture interconnection of the indigenous languages in the context of anglicizing the African continent, identifying the degree at which the language situation in the country has influenced the formation of the English language as the language of intercultural communication describing the Ghanaian culture.  The historical analysis helps accentuate the measures which have been taken for the development and preservation of the indigenous languages in order to prevent their extinction (the compulsory study of the indigenous languages in schools; opportunities for dialogue between cultures in a multilingual communication environment; activation of the extracurricular activities aimed at the sustainable development of the local languages; the start of a number of language projects to enhance the provision of literacy in the indigenous language, etc).}

 _{Keywords: English language, linguistic culture, indigenous language, language and culture interconnection, language situation, dialogue between cultures, communication environment.}

_{For citation: Sabirova D.R., Tenkorang R. Preservation and development of indigenous languages in the Republic of Ghana. Kazan linguistic journal. 2021; 1 (4): 93–110.}

_{Tikhonova N.V. Students’ knowledge assessment in online learning}

_{Abstract. The sudden transition of the higher education institutions around the world to e-learning in the time of COVID-19 pandemic has raised significant challenges. A particular challenge in the context of remote learning has been the search for valid online assessment tools, measuring student knowledge and skills and organizing student examinations on line. Academic dishonesty and poor performance of traditional assessment methods based on the mechanical reproduction of memorized learning materials have become increasingly challenging issues. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the challenges, including ethical and technical issues, related to conducting assessments activities and end-of-term examinations from a distance. Based on the experience of different countries during the global health crisis, various strategies and solutions for online student knowledge assessment are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the redesigning and improving the mainstream measurement methods, the introducing of flexible modes of examination, the using of alternative assessments aimed at developing students' creativity and critical thinking, such as project work, digital portfolios, open book exams, and the increasing the importance of multiple and regular assessments throughout the duration of a course.}

_{Keywords: knowledge assessment, pandemic, distance learning, online learning, online exam, alternative assessment.}

_{For citation: Tikhonova N.V. Students’ knowledge assessment in online learning. Kazan Linguistic Journal. 2021; 1 (4): 111–125. (In Russ.)}

_{Danilova Yu.Yu., Solunova Ya.A. Modern directions of linguistics as a promising resource of project-research activity as part of the Russian language learning}

_{Abstract. In the modern educational process, technologies and methods aimed at enhancing independence and cognitive search are becoming increasingly important. The wide possibilities of using project-research activity as such this type of technology are beyond doubt. However, project-research activity in this sense should not be general subject - it is necessary to distinguish forms, methods, topics, etc. for each individual discipline, which will allow you to use this technology more effectively. In the work, the place and significance of project-research activity in modern pedagogical science and language teaching methods is determined. The methodological potential of the directions of modern linguistics as a narrowly focused specialized means of organizing design and research activities in the studying of the Russian at school are considered and analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to a not quite clear understanding of how to properly organize and structure project-research activity to achieve qualitatively high and productive results in the study of a particular subject at school. A brief overview of projects and research implemented in actual educational practice in a particular linguistic direction is provided. The conclusion that it is necessary to distinguish between general subject areas and narrow subject areas of project-research activity is made and supported by objective arguments.}

_{Keywords: project-research activity, language education, modern directions of linguistics, project, research.}

_{For citation: Danilova Yu.Yu., Solunova Ya.A. Modern directions of linguistics as a promising resource of project-research activity as part of the Russian language learning. Kazan Linguistic journal. 2021; 1 (4): 126–137. (In Russ.)}

_{Bodnar S.S., Gizatullina E.V. Methods of Teaching Translation of Medical Terms in Social and Political Texts to the Students of “Linguistics” Major}

_{Abstract. In the realities of the modern world, which is experiencing a comprehensive globalization, translation studies and the provision of translation services are gaining more importance. Based on the theoretical component, this study identified the features of teaching the translation of medical terminology in social and political texts. Based on the analysis of articles in the English press, it was concluded that the main features of medical terminology in social and political texts include the implementation of expressive, evaluative and attractive functions. The disordered nature of medical terminology creates certain obstacles in the translation of terms and the perception of new information. It was concluded that the material should be presented in an integrated manner, step by step and gradually, taking into account the principles of feasibility and accessibility and concentrism. The authors have developed guidelines for teaching the translation of medical terminology in social and political texts, as well as basic recommendations for conducting practical classes on this topic. The presented recommendations can find their application both within the specialized discipline of translating socio-political texts, and within the framework of a practical translation course.}

_{Keywords: student, teacher, methodology, teaching translation, medical terms, social and political text.}

_{For citation: Bodnar S.S., Gizatullina E.V. Methods of Teaching Translation of Medical Terms in Social and Political Texts to the Students of “Linguistics” Major. Kazan Linguistic journal. 2021; 1 (4): 138–157. (In Russ.)}